The Federal Communications Commission has adopted new rules to make it more difficult for foreign firms to apply for licensing to build out submarine cables, citing the need to protect the continued construction of critical undersea cables that underpin the internet and transcontinental communications.

The rules would require the FCC to presumptively deny “certain foreign adversary-controlled license applicants” from obtaining licenses needed to operate in U.S.-controlled waters. It would also restrict undersea capacity leasing agreements, ban the use of unspecified covered equipment and establish a range of physical and cybersecurity requirements on those same firms.

The FCC said that as the U.S. seeks to become “the unrivaled world leader in critical and emerging technologies and secure AI dominance,” the cables responsible for powering that data explosion must be protected from acts of foreign sabotage.

According to figures provided by the FCC, there are 90 cable systems already licensed by the agency. The FCC expects those numbers to grow significantly in coming years as businesses and governments continue to build out additional infrastructure.

In a statement, Chair Brendan Carr said the FCC’s order was meant to “facilitate, not frustrate” this expansion of submarine cable infrastructure, while making it harder for foreign nations to potentially gain influence or access to that infrastructure through an affiliate third-party company.

“We not only want to unleash the deployment of new undersea cables — we want to make sure those cables are secure. In recent years, we have seen submarine cable infrastructure threatened by foreign adversaries, like China,” Carr said.

An assessment by Recorded Future’s Insikt Group in July found that the growing submarine cable industry is facing a threat landscape that has “very likely escalated” over the past 18 months. Accidents continue to be the primary means of damage in publicly reported submarine cable incidents, but cybersecurity threats and cable-cutting techniques like anchor dragging are also rising.

Commissioner Anna Gomez noted that the FCC had not updated its rules around submarine cables in decades, despite their evolution into the backbone of global internet communications.

“As national security risks increased and our Government took steps large and small to protect our networks from foreign adversaries on multiple fronts, the Commission long coordinated with key federal agencies to protect submarine cables,” Gomez said.

One key challenge facing policymakers as this expansion continues will be putting hard security restrictions in place without slowing things down.

“The hard work of this item really was in finding the balance between, on the one hand, necessary security measures to protect critical U.S. communications infrastructure against foreign adversary threats and, on the other hand, clarifying and streamlining processes to provide economic certainty that will facilitate investment and minimizing regulatory burdens by removing duplicative or unnecessary requirements where possible,” Gomez said.

The FCC did not respond to a request for more details on the order by the time of publication.