1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- CVSS v4 8.4
- ATTENTION: Low attack complexity
- Vendor: AzeoTech
- Equipment: DAQFactory
- Vulnerabilities: Out-of-bounds Write, Out-of-bounds Read, Access of Uninitialized Pointer, Heap-based Buffer Overflow, Type Confusion, Use After Free, Stack-based Buffer Overflow
2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities requires an attacker to upload a malicious .ctl file. This could lead to information disclosure or arbitrary code execution.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following releases of AzeoTech DAQFactory, a software and application development platform, are affected:
- DAQFactory: Release 20.7 (Build 2555) and prior
3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 OUT-OF-BOUNDS WRITE CWE-787
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), an Out-of-bounds Write vulnerability can be exploited by an attacker to cause the program to write data past the end of an allocated memory buffer. This can lead to arbitrary code execution or a system crash.
CVE-2025-66590 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66590. A base score of 8.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.2 OUT-OF-BOUNDS READ CWE-125
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), an Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability can be exploited by an attacker to cause the program to read data past the end of an allocated buffer. This could allow an attacker to disclose information or cause a system crash.
CVE-2025-66589 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66589. A base score of 8.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.3 ACCESS OF UNINITIALIZED POINTER CWE-824
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), an Access of Uninitialized Pointer vulnerability can be exploited by an attacker which can lead to arbitrary code execution.
CVE-2025-66588 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66588. A base score of 8.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.4 HEAP-BASED BUFFER OVERFLOW CWE-122
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), the affected application is vulnerable to memory corruption while parsing specially crafted .ctl files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.
CVE-2025-66587 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66587. A base score of 7.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.5 ACCESS OF RESOURCE USING INCOMPATIBLE TYPE ('TYPE CONFUSION') CWE-843
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), an Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type vulnerability can be exploited to cause memory corruption while parsing specially crafted .ctl files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.
CVE-2025-66586 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66586. A base score of 7.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.6 USE AFTER FREE CWE-416
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), a Use After Free vulnerability can be exploited to cause memory corruption while parsing specially crafted .ctl files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.
CVE-2025-66585 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66585. A base score of 7.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.7 STACK-BASED BUFFER OVERFLOW CWE-121
In AzeoTech DAQFactory release 20.7 (Build 2555), a Stack-Based Buffer Overflow vulnerability can be exploited to cause memory corruption while parsing specially crafted .ctl files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.
CVE-2025-66584 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-66584. A base score of 7.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND
- CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
- COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
- COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States
3.4 RESEARCHER
Michael Heinzl reported vulnerabilities CVE-2025-66590, CVE-2025-66589, CVE-2025-66588, and CVE-2025-66585 to CISA.
ZDI reported vulnerabilities CVE-2025-66590, CVE-2025-66587, CVE-2025-66586, CVE-2025-66585, and CVE-2025-66584 to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
AzeoTech has released the following update that addresses these issues:
- DAQFactory: Release 21.1
AzeoTech also recommends users take the following actions to reduce the risk:
- Users are discouraged from using documents from unknown/untrusted sources.
- Users are encouraged to store .ctl files in a folder only writeable by admin-level users.
- Users are encouraged to operate in "Safe Mode" when loading documents that have been out of their control.
- Users are encouraged to apply a document editing password to their documents.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities, such as:
- Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.
- Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
- When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.
CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:
- Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
- Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
- Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.
No known public exploitation specifically targeting these vulnerabilities has been reported to CISA at this time. These vulnerabilities are not exploitable remotely. These vulnerabilities have a high attack complexity.
5. UPDATE HISTORY
- December 11, 2025: Initial Publication